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עידן הנאורות המכונה גם תקופת ההשכלה (ההיגיון)
הינו השם שניתן לתקופה חשובה בתרבות המערבית
שהגיעה אחרי הרנסאנס
עידן הנאורות החל באמצע המאה ה- 16 ונמשך עד סוף המאה ה- 17
בתקופה זו האדירו את יכולת האדם לחשוב בהיגיון
המילה נאורות (enlightenment) משמעה
תקופה של הארה (מהמילה אור)
כך כינו את התקופה מאחר וזו היתה תקופה שבה
קבוצה בעלת השפעה של משכילים, סופרים, אומנים ומדענים
חיפשו באופן פעיל אחר השימוש בהגיון
שהינו חשיבה רציונאלית על מנת לפטור את העולם מדעות קדומות
ובורות כתוצאה ממאמציהם
הושגו הישגים אדירים בהבנה של תחומי המתמטיקה והמדע
ורעיונות חדשים ונועזים
לגבי זכויותיו הבסיסיות של האדם בדמוקרטיה פותחו
ושימשו כהשראה למהפכנים
באמריקה בסמוך לסוף תקופת הרנסאנס
במהלך המחצית הראשונה של המאה ה-17 שני אנשים - פרנאסיס בקון
ורנה דקארט. פרסמו כל אחד בנפרד ספרים חשובים שנתנו השראה
לדורות שלמים
של מדענים ומשכילים
למעשה, היסטוריונים רבים מחשיבים את שניהם כאבות המייסדים
של תקופת הנאורות פרנסיס בקון נולד באנגליה בשנת 1951
and it was during his days as a student here
at Cambridge University's Trinity College at many as he is important new
ideas
began to take shape they can came to believe
that science could free ordinary people from ignorance
and allow them to lead more productive and comfortable lives
but he knew that in order for this to happen
the minds of human beings first had to be freed
from the careless and uncritical ways of thinking
that were prevalent at that time and that was why
Francis Bacon promoted a rational approach to science
based on experimentation and arriving in generalized conclusions
a stent careful observation meanwhile
across the English Channel here in France the brilliant French
המתמטיקאי הדגול
רנה דקארט פרסם ספר שטען כי
הגיון ומתמטיקה הם כל מה שהאדם צריך
על מנת לגלות את האמת במדע Descartes like in the universe to a
perfect
flock that had been designed and built by master clock maker
that is bangin all-powerful died a God who had set the universe into motion
and then left it alone Descartes was a pioneer in mathematically formulating
the basic laws
that govern the movement of things from the rolling over ocean waves
to the spinning the windmills and he invented
a new title mathematics called analytic geometry
in the ID is promoted by to cart
NV Kim proved to be extremely important
because they led to the development of what is called the scientific method
a series of simple rational steps that can be followed
to help solve even the most complicated scientific problems
the as the use of the scientific method developed by Francis Bacon
in Rene Descartes took hold during the Enlightenment
an incredible growth in the understanding as mathematics
פיזיקה, כימיה וביולוגיה occurred
that's great be accelerating the Scientific Revolution
that began late in the Renaissance the great
English enlightenment you're a mathematician and physicist
אייזיק ניוטון owes much to the ideas if the card in bacon
but he stands out among others at this time for the sheer brilliance of his
work
Newton was born in this house in England
in 1642 just six years before the car
died the year Newton was born
Jamestown the original settlement in England's first American colony
Virginia was just 35 years old
just only 22 years had passed since the program started their colony
clinic on the shores of Cape Cod me and just
eight years have gone by since the first ships carrying
English settlers arrived in the new colony I've Maryland
up the year at Newton's birth was
also the year that English Civil War you this was a bloody conflict
between Parliament and the Royalists that led to the execution of the team
and the abolition of the monarchy and so
for 10 years at Newton's youth England was called a commonwealth
instead of the kingdom and was ruled by a word protector
instead of the clues the English monarchy was restored in 1660
one year before Isaac Newton into Cambridge University
to study here at Trinity College the same college
Francis Bacon had attended in the elite fifteen hundreds
after completing his course of study a serious
outbreak of the deadly good learning plague force Newton to escape to the
safety
his isolated group homes and this was where Isaac Newton experience to burst
its scientific
insight unmatched in history during a brief
18-month period he worked out the basics a new branch of mathematics
called calculus Newton a crucial discoveries in
optics the science of light he was able to understand
and mathematically formulate the laws of gravity
while watching it Apple fall from a tree
here in his garden at the same time
he formulated the laws of motion with these new scientific
laws in hand Newton was able to precisely calculate
the weights at the Sun and planets and to predict the path
of comets in the year sixteen 86
Isaac Newton published what many considered
to be the greatest scientific book ever written
the philosophy a naturalist Principia Mathematica
the mathematical principles of natural philosophy
his book radically changed people's understanding of the universe
and profoundly affected scientific thinking
for the next two centuries Isaac Newton's contributions to mathematics
astronomy and physics were truly enormous
but the Enlightenment was also a time when others made significant
contributions to science is well
including the study of Chemistry electricity and biology
which grew as a science at an especially rapid rate
due in part to the use of the microscope I scientific tool invented toward the
end of the Renaissance
using the microscope
the Dutch biologist and turns on leaving her made
detailed observations about a miniature world of living things
and he used mathematics to calculate the size is that the populations at the
organisms he studied the English biologist Robert Hooke
observed box like compartments in slices of plant tissue
and called them cells hook
chose this world because what he saw reminded him
the cells in monasteries were the monks live today
biologists still use the word cells
to describe the basic building blocks avoid
during the Age of Reason another Englishman
William Hardy became the first person to describe the circulation
of blood and to make careful observations
and the development of animals before they are born
that is while they are still embryos
in the mid 1700s a Swedish botanist
named Carlos leniency came up with the logical method for classifying
scientifically grouting unknown the earth vast empty will during variety of
living things
dust founding the modern science of taxonomy
or biological classification
under lanier's this classification system creatures are grouped according
to their similarities
and differences classification of an organism
always begins with its Kingdom he's are its most
generalized streets for example whether it is in the plant kingdom
or in the animal kingdom and then it is placed
in a series of different classifications subgroups
such as its family order emptiness
until finally arriving at the unique characteristics
that define it as an individual species
lenny is his basic system of biological classification
is still in use today and although it is constantly undergoing changes
it has proven to be a useful tool over the centuries
in helping biologists understand the complex relationships that exist among
living things
back when Carlos leniency and Isaac Newton making their great discoveries
people like them were known as natural philosophers
today they would be called scientists
philosophers are people who seek wisdom my knowledge
during the Enlightenment while natural philosopher sought to understand natural
things
such as the motion of the planets where the behavior
microscopic organisms other philosophers
concentrated on the mind political subtext
and other more abstract concepts as well
one of the most important philosophers to focus on political subjects
היה ג'ון לוק האנגלי שנולד בשנת 1632
וחי עד שנת 1704 לוק האמין
that the power over government to rule most come from the consent of the
governed
in other words that people should be able to choose
who governs your lock took comfort in
England's Glorious Revolution of 1688
in which the team was forced to relinquish a large amount of his power
to parliamentary representatives
he promoted the idea that every human being was born
3 basic natural rights
those of life political equality
Liberty and the ownership of property
lock also promoted freedom of the press
educational reform and religious tolerance
and call for the overthrow of governments that failed to protect basic
human rights
in France several great enlightenment philosophers
wrote passionately about human rights and democracy as well
לדוגמה, הפילוסוף הצרפתי וולטר championed the idea of freedom
speech with this famous statement
I disapprove of what you say but will defend to the death
your right to say it while another Frenchman
month to skew called for a complete separation of powers
to maintain balance in government which was to be accomplished by creating
separate
legislative executive and judicial branches of government
nearly all philosophers of the Enlightenment era
wanted to see a strict separation of church and state
as well for they realize that mixing government and religion
was almost always a recipe for disaster
the enlightenment philosophers themselves were usually deets
people without traditional religious beliefs who believed in what they called
nature's God
that is in an all powerful spiritual force
had created the universe and everything in it but then left it alone
the ideas of the Enlightenment philosophers we deeply admired by
leaders have both the american and French Revolutions
in fact תומס ג'פרסון fell back on them
time and time again when he was composing the Declaration of
Independence
as did the framers of the United States Constitution
when they worked out a plan of government for the new
american democracy
true or false the ages reason
is another name for the Enlightenment
true or false deists and Catholics
had almost identical ideas about religion
true or false Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes
are considered to be the fathers up the Enlightenment
true or false voltaire invented a system for biological classification
true or false the uses the scientific method
improved the quality scientific study
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